Introduction
Pilocarpine is a notable muscarinic cholinergic agonist extracted from the leaves of the South American shrub Pilocarpus jaborandi. It has garnered attention primarily for its therapeutic applications in managing glaucoma and xerostomia, the latter often being a complication following radiation therapy for cancers in the head and neck region.
Chemical Structure and Properties
Pilocarpine is classified as an alkaloid with the molecular formula C11H16N2O2. As a tertiary amine, it possesses the unique ability to directly interact with and stimulate muscarinic receptors within the autonomic nervous system, influencing various physiological responses.
Mechanism of Action
Pilocarpine’s pharmacological activity is attributed to its direct-acting cholinergic agonistic properties. By stimulating muscarinic receptors, it induces:
- In the Eye: Contraction of the ciliary muscle, leading to improved aqueous humor outflow and reduced intraocular pressure, crucial in glaucoma management.
- In Salivary Glands: Enhanced saliva production, addressing the dry mouth condition seen in xerostomia.