REDUCED SERUM AND URINARY FLUORIDE IN DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY: RELATIONSHIP WITH RENAL DYSFUNCTION AND OXIDATIVE STRESS IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS

Authors

1. Bhuneshwar Yadav
   Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Shri Rawatpura Sarkar Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Pacheda-2, Chhattisgarh, India.
2. Prangyada Reecha Joshi
   Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry, DRIEMS Institute of Health Sciences & Hospital, Kairapari, Odisha, India
3. Kshitij Verma
   Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery, Raipur Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhansoj Road, Off, NH-6, Raipur, Chhattisgarh
4. Shashidhar K N
   Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Tamaka, Kolar,Karnataka, India

Abstract

Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a major cause of diabetic nephropathy (DN) and progressive renal dysfunction. Impaired kidney function may result in fluoride retention, which, together with hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress, can aggravate renal injury. Since limited studies have explored the combined role of fluoride retention & oxidative stress in diabetic kidney disease, this study aimed to evaluate their association with renal dysfunction in T2DM patients. Method: This study included 100 T2DM subjects & 50 healthy controls. The T2DM participants were divided into two groups: T2DM without nephropathy & T2DM with nephropathy. Following blood & urine sample collection, laboratory parameters were analyzed using standard methods. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS version 20 & a p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result: Renal dysfunction markers, including urea, creatinine, cystatin-C, microalbumin & ACR were markedly increased in T2DM with nephropathy along with a significant reduction in eGFR suggesting severe renal impairment. T2DM with nephropathy group also showed decreased levels of serum proteins, lipid parameters, antioxidants, fluoride & eGFR, while triglycerides, VLDL, MDA & uric acid were significantly elevated. Overall, results demonstrate progressive metabolic imbalance, oxidative stress, dyslipidemia & worsening renal function with the most severe abnormalities observed in T2DM with nephropathy patients. Conclusion: Finding of our study suggest that T2DM with nephropathy patients exhibited significant renal dysfunction, oxidative stress, dyslipidaemia & fluoride retention. Poor glycemic control & oxidative stress contributed to progressive kidney damage while fluoride retention may further aggravate renal injury.

Keywords

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetic Nephropathy; Fluoride Retention; Oxidative Stress; Renal Dysfunction; Dyslipidemia

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