Introduction of Antitussives Antitussives are drugs that suppress or relieve coughing. They act centrally on the cough center in the medulla oblongata of the brain or peripherally on the cough receptors in the respiratory tract. Classification of Antitussives: a. Opioid Antitussives: Codeine: A mild opioid analgesic also used as a cough suppressant. Hydrocodone: A stronger…
Introduction Antiemetic drugs play a crucial role in healthcare, providing relief to patients suffering from nausea and vomiting, symptoms often associated with various medical conditions and treatments. This article delves into the pharmacology of antiemetic drugs, offering an in-depth understanding of their mechanisms of action, uses, and potential side effects. Mechanism of Action of Antiemetic…
Introduction In the vast realm of pharmacology, Mucosal Protective Agents are a beacon of relief for many patients suffering from gastrointestinal disorders. As their name suggests, these agents play a crucial role in protecting the mucosal lining of the stomach and intestines, promoting healing, and alleviating discomfort. This article aims to provide an in-depth understanding…
Antacids are medications that counteract the acid in the stomach to relieve indigestion, heartburn, and other stomach-related discomforts. Their primary function is to neutralize stomach acid, providing symptomatic relief from acid-related disorders. Let’s delve deeper into the pharmacology of antacids. Mechanism of Action Antacids work by a simple mechanism: they neutralize gastric acid, raising the…
Introduction H2 receptor antagonists, also known as H2 blockers, are a class of medications that are commonly used to reduce the production of stomach acid. They work by blocking histamine action on H2 receptors found in the gastric parietal cells, thereby inhibiting gastric acid secretion. Examples of H2 receptor antagonists include Cimetidine, Ranitidine, Famotidine, and…
Introduction to Antimicrobial Resistance Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health issue that has been steadily gaining attention. But what exactly is it? In simple terms, antimicrobial resistance occurs when microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites change in ways that render the medications used to cure the infections they cause ineffective. When the…
Introduction to Antibiotic Stewardship Antibiotic stewardship is a coordinated effort to improve the use of antibiotics by promoting the selection of the optimal antibiotic drug regimen, dose, duration of therapy, and route of administration. It aims to achieve the best clinical outcomes related to antibiotic use, minimize toxicity and other adverse events, reduce healthcare costs…
Introduction to Glaucoma Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, which is vital for good vision. This damage is often caused by abnormally high pressure in your eye and can lead to blindness if not treated early. But what exactly causes this pressure build-up? And how can we prevent it?…
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are a group of drugs whose main action is a pronounced and long-lasting reduction of stomach acid production. They are among the most widely sold drugs in the world, and are generally considered safe. The following are examples of PPIs: Mechanism of Action PPIs work by irreversibly blocking the hydrogen/potassium pump…