The history and evolution of antimicrobial agents is a fascinating journey that spans over a century. Here’s an overview: 1. Discovery of Penicillin (1928) The story of antimicrobial agents begins with the accidental discovery of penicillin by Sir Alexander Fleming in 1928. While working at St. Mary’s Hospital in London, Fleming observed that a mold…
1. Functional Unit and Structure of thyroid gland: The thyroid gland is composed of follicles, each consisting of a single layer of epithelial cells surrounding a cavity filled with colloid containing thyroglobulin. This structure is the functional unit of the thyroid, responsible for the synthesis, storage, and secretion of thyroid hormones. 2. Synthesis of Thyroid…
Drug-receptor interactions happen when drugs bind to certain receptors and cause a biological response. These interactions can either be agonistic or antagonistic. Agonists Agonists are drugs that bind to a receptor and activate it, leading to a biological response. There are three types of agonists: Antagonists Antagonists are drugs that bind to a receptor but…
The pharmacological landscape is complex, and drugs often produce a range of effects, both therapeutic and adverse. Understanding these nuances is crucial for clinicians to make informed decisions. This article explores key concepts like dose-response curves (DRCs), therapeutic index, therapeutic window, and the risk-benefit ratio, which are essential for effective and safe drug therapy. Drug…
Understanding “drug potency” and “drug efficacy” is crucial in pharmacology, as they describe a drug’s performance and are often used to compare different drugs. These terms are closely related to the dose-response curve (DRC). Drug Potency: This term refers to the amount of a drug needed to produce a certain effect. A potent drug produces…
Drug specificity is an important concept in pharmacology that refers to the range of actions a drug can produce. Understanding drug specificity is crucial for healthcare professionals, researchers, and patients alike, as it helps to predict the drug’s effects and potential side effects. Here, we explore the factors that govern drug specificity and provide examples…
The dose-response relationship is a fundamental concept in pharmacology that describes how the effects of a drug change with varying doses. This relationship is crucial for understanding drug potency, efficacy, and safety. This article delves into the various aspects of dose-response relationships, including pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations and their clinical implications. The term “dose-response relationship”…
Adenosine Adenosine is an antiarrhythmic agent that is widely used for the investigation and management of both narrow complex and, less often, broad complex tachycardias. It produces a transient block in the atrioventricular node. This effect is mediated by interaction with A1 receptors (reducing cyclic adenosine monophosphate) present on myocytes, thereby activating potassium channels, which…
Verapamil Mechanism of Action Extracardiac Effects Toxicity Pharmacokinetics & Dosage Therapeutic Use Diltiazem Mechanism of Action Toxicity Therapeutic Use Conclusion Class 4 antiarrhythmic drugs like Verapamil and Diltiazem primarily act by blocking calcium channels, which makes them effective in treating supraventricular arrhythmias. However, they come with their own set of risks and side effects, including…
Introduction Class 3 antiarrhythmic drugs are known for their ability to prolong action potentials, primarily by blocking potassium channels in cardiac muscle or enhancing inward currents through sodium channels. This article will focus on amiodarone and other Class 3 antiarrhythmic drugs, discussing their mechanism of action, cardiac and extracardiac effects, toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and therapeutic use….