Introduction/Overview Hematinics encompass a group of essential nutrients that are critical for erythropoiesis, DNA synthesis, and oxygen transport. Among them, iron, vitamin B12 (cobalamin), and folic acid (vitamin B9) play pivotal roles in maintaining normal red blood cell production and preventing megaloblastic and microcytic anemias. The clinical relevance of these agents is underscored by their…
Introduction and Overview Fibrinolytic and antifibrinolytic agents constitute two distinct pharmacologic families that modulate the balance between clot formation and dissolution. Fibrinolytics, also known as thrombolytics, facilitate the breakdown of fibrin clots, whereas antifibrinolytics inhibit fibrinolysis, thereby stabilizing existing thrombi. Both classes play pivotal roles in the management of acute ischemic events, surgical bleeding, trauma,…
Introduction and Overview Platelet aggregation represents a pivotal component of primary hemostasis, yet aberrant platelet activation contributes to arterial thrombosis and ischemic events. Antiplatelet agents, therefore, occupy a central role in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, as well as in perioperative management and certain therapeutic indications beyond cardiology. The clinical relevance of…
Introduction/Overview Anticoagulants constitute a cornerstone of contemporary cardiovascular therapeutics, providing indispensable protection against thromboembolic events in a variety of clinical settings. The clinical relevance of these agents is underscored by their widespread utilization in conditions such as atrial fibrillation, venous thromboembolism, mechanical prosthetic heart valve management, and perioperative prophylaxis. The complexity of coagulation pathways, coupled…
Introduction / Overview Brief Introduction Hypolipidemic drugs, also referred to as lipid‑lowering agents, constitute a pivotal component of cardiovascular risk reduction strategies. These agents target dyslipidemia, a condition characterized by abnormal concentrations of plasma lipids, notably low‑density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‑C), triglycerides (TG), and high‑density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‑C). The therapeutic objective is to attenuate atherosclerotic progression…
Introduction/Overview Cardiac glycosides and inotropes represent a cornerstone of contemporary heart failure management, offering unique hemodynamic benefits through modulation of intracellular calcium handling. Historically derived from botanical sources, these agents have evolved into a diverse class encompassing natural products such as digoxin, digitoxin, and ouabain, as well as synthetic analogues and non‑cardiac inotropes (e.g., milrinone,…
Introduction/Overview Cardiac arrhythmias represent a diverse spectrum of electrophysiological disturbances that can compromise hemodynamic stability and increase morbidity and mortality. Antiarrhythmic drugs are a cornerstone of modern cardiac care, providing both acute resuscitation and long‑term rhythm control. Their utilization requires a nuanced understanding of pharmacological principles, as therapeutic efficacy is frequently balanced against potential for…
Introduction and Overview Hypertension remains a leading contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. Effective management of elevated blood pressure necessitates a nuanced understanding of the pharmacological agents available, their mechanisms of action, and the clinical contexts in which they are employed. The selection of an antihypertensive regimen should be guided by evidence-based principles, patient-specific…
Introduction / Overview Myocardial infarction (MI) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Rapid pharmacologic intervention is essential to limit myocardial damage, preserve ventricular function, and reduce long‑term adverse outcomes. Contemporary therapeutic strategies involve reperfusion, antithrombotic, anti‑ischemic, and neurohumoral modulation. A systematic understanding of drug mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, and safety profiles is indispensable for…
Introduction / Overview Angina pectoris remains a frequent manifestation of coronary artery disease, exerting a substantial burden on patient quality of life and healthcare systems worldwide. Antianginal pharmacotherapy is central to symptom control, reduction of ischemic episodes, and prevention of adverse cardiovascular events. A comprehensive understanding of the pharmacological principles guiding antianginal drug selection, dosing,…