Introduction Enoxaparin is a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) that has become a cornerstone of anticoagulant therapy in both prophylactic and therapeutic settings. It is derived from unfractionated heparin (UFH) through controlled depolymerization, yielding a product with a lower average molecular weight and a more predictable anticoagulant profile. The development of enoxaparin in the late…
Introduction Ezetimibe is a cholesterol‑absorption inhibitor that selectively blocks the Niemann–Pick C1‑like 1 (NPC1L1) transporter in the proximal small intestine. By reducing intestinal uptake of dietary and biliary cholesterol, ezetimibe lowers plasma low‑density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‑C) concentrations. The drug was approved for use in the United States in 2002 and has since become a standard…
Introduction Fenofibrate is a lipid‑lowering agent classified within the fibrate drug family. It functions primarily as a peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor alpha (PPAR‑α) agonist, thereby modulating lipid metabolism at the transcriptional level. The compound was first synthesized in the mid‑20th century and entered clinical practice in the 1970s as a therapeutic option for hyperlipidemia. Over subsequent…
Introduction/Overview Rosuvastatin is a member of the statin class of lipid‑lowering agents. It is widely prescribed for the management of hyperlipidemia and for the prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Its high potency, favorable pharmacokinetic profile, and consistent efficacy have contributed to its popularity in contemporary clinical practice. The following monograph is intended to serve as…
Introduction / Overview Simvastatin is a widely used lipid‑lowering agent belonging to the statin class of medications. Its primary therapeutic purpose is to reduce low‑density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‑C) and thereby mitigate the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Over the past three decades, large‑scale clinical trials have established the efficacy of statins, including simvastatin, in primary…
1. Introduction Definition and Overview Adenosine is a nucleoside composed of the adenine base linked to a ribose sugar. It functions as an intracellular energy carrier, a precursor for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis, and a potent extracellular signaling molecule. In the extracellular milieu, adenosine exerts diverse physiological and pathophysiological effects through interaction with four G…
Introduction Sotalol is a non‑selective β‑adrenergic antagonist that also possesses class III antiarrhythmic activity. It is commonly employed in the management of supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias. The dual pharmacological profile of sotalol has prompted extensive clinical investigation and has rendered it a frequently encountered drug in both academic and clinical settings. The historical emergence of…
Introduction Quinidine is a naturally occurring alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It belongs to the class of antiarrhythmic agents classified under Vaughan‑Williams Class I, specifically a Class I A agent. The compound was first isolated in the 19th century and has since been employed in the management of cardiac arrhythmias and as a prophylactic…
Introduction Procainamide is a synthetic, non–benzocaine derivative classified as a Class 1A antiarrhythmic agent. It possesses a distinctive 3,4‑diaminobenzamide core that confers potent sodium‑channel blockade. The drug has been employed for decades in the management of supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias, yet its use has declined with the advent of newer agents and heightened safety concerns. The…
Introduction Isosorbide dinitrate is a nitrate ester widely utilized as a vasodilator in the management of cardiovascular disorders such as angina pectoris and heart failure. As a prodrug, it delivers nitric oxide (NO) through metabolic conversion, leading to smooth‑muscle relaxation and coronary vasodilation. The compound has been incorporated into therapeutic protocols since the mid‑20th century,…