Year: 2026

Introduction/Overview Brief Introduction Oral anticoagulants constitute a critical therapeutic class for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders. Their evolution from vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) to direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) has introduced significant pharmacologic diversity, necessitating a nuanced understanding of each agent’s mechanism, pharmacokinetics, clinical indications, and safety profile. The renal and hemostatic systems are…

Introduction/Overview Parenteral anticoagulants constitute a foundational component of contemporary therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders. Their rapid onset of action, controllable pharmacodynamic profiles, and compatibility with diverse patient populations render them indispensable in acute clinical settings, such as perioperative care, acute coronary syndromes, and emergent venous thromboembolism (VTE). The renal system…

Introduction/Overview Hypertension remains a leading contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. Effective pharmacologic management is essential for reducing the risk of stroke, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. This chapter is designed to provide a structured overview of antihypertensive therapy, emphasizing evidence‑based recommendations, pharmacologic fundamentals, and patient‑centered considerations. The content is tailored for medical and…

Introduction/Overview The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) represents a central endocrine pathway that regulates arterial pressure, fluid and electrolyte balance, and systemic vascular resistance. Dysregulation of this system is implicated in a variety of cardiovascular disorders including hypertension, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and ischemic heart disease. Pharmacologic modulation of RAAS, primarily through angiotensin‑converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors…

Introduction / Overview Diuretics constitute a cornerstone of cardiovascular pharmacotherapy, exerting potent influence over fluid balance, blood pressure, and electrolyte homeostasis. Their therapeutic versatility spans from the treatment of congestive heart failure (CHF) and hypertension to the management of edema secondary to hepatic or renal disease. Distinct pharmacologic classes—loop, thiazide, and potassium-sparing agents—exhibit unique mechanisms…