Introduction Mefenamic acid is a non‑steroidal anti‑inflammatory drug (NSAID) belonging to the anthranilic acid derivative class. It functions primarily by inhibiting cyclo‑oxygenase (COX) enzymes, thereby reducing prostaglandin synthesis. The compound was first synthesized in the late 1950s and received regulatory approval in the early 1960s for the treatment of menstrual pain and mild to moderate…

1. Introduction 1.1 Definition and Overview Ketorolac tromethamine is a synthetic non‑steroidal anti‑inflammatory drug (NSAID) belonging to the oxicam class. It exhibits potent analgesic, antipyretic, and anti‑inflammatory properties predominantly through inhibition of cyclooxygenase enzymes. The drug is commonly administered in short courses, typically not exceeding 5 days for oral or 7 days for intravenous use,…

Introduction Definition and Overview Naproxen is a non‑steroidal anti‑inflammatory drug (NSAID) belonging to the propionic acid class. It is widely prescribed for the management of pain, inflammation, and fever associated with a variety of conditions, including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, dysmenorrhea, and acute musculoskeletal injuries. The molecule is characterized by a 2‑propionic acid side chain attached…

Introduction Definition and Overview Indomethacin is a non‑steroidal anti‑inflammatory drug (NSAID) belonging to the propionic acid class. It is widely employed for its analgesic, antipyretic, and anti‑inflammatory properties. The agent exerts its therapeutic effects primarily through the inhibition of cyclo‑oxygenase (COX) enzymes, thereby reducing the synthesis of prostaglandins that mediate pain, fever, and inflammation. Its…

1. Introduction Definition and Overview Rocuronium is a non‑depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent (NMBA) widely employed to induce skeletal muscle relaxation during surgical procedures and in critical care settings. The agent functions by competitively antagonizing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the motor end plate, thereby preventing depolarization and subsequent action potential propagation. The pharmacologic profile of rocuronium…

Introduction Definition and Overview Pancuronium is a non‑depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent that competitively antagonises nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the motor end‑plate. It induces skeletal muscle paralysis by preventing depolarisation, thereby facilitating controlled ventilation and surgical conditions. The drug is administered intravenously and is distinguished by its rapid onset and prolonged duration of action compared with…

Introduction Definition and Overview Tamsulosin is a selective adrenergic α1A/α1D receptor antagonist that is primarily employed for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The drug exerts its therapeutic effects by inducing relaxation of smooth muscle in the prostate, bladder neck, and proximal urethra, thereby reducing urethral resistance…

Introduction Definition and Overview Carvedilol is a non‑selective β‑adrenergic antagonist with additional α1-adrenergic blocking activity and antioxidant properties. It is commonly employed in the management of chronic heart failure, hypertension, and post‑myocardial infarction therapy. The drug exerts a combined vasodilatory and inotropic effect, thereby reducing cardiac afterload and improving myocardial perfusion. Its unique pharmacologic profile…

Introduction Labetalol is a nonselective β‑adrenergic antagonist with additional α1‑adrenergic blocking activity. This dual receptor profile allows it to modulate both cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance, making it a versatile agent in the management of hypertension and related cardiovascular conditions. The drug entered clinical use in the early 1980s and has since become a…

Introduction Definition and Overview Isoprenaline, also known as isoproterenol, is a synthetic catecholamine that functions primarily as a non‑selective β‑adrenergic receptor agonist. It elicits pronounced vasodilatory, chronotropic, and inotropic effects through stimulation of β1 and β2 adrenergic pathways. The drug is widely employed in acute clinical settings to manage conditions such as severe asthma exacerbations,…