Introduction / Overview Voriconazole represents a pivotal advance in the therapeutic armamentarium against invasive fungal infections. As a triazole antifungal, it offers broad-spectrum activity against Aspergillus spp., Candida spp., and several zygomycetes, rendering it indispensable in both prophylactic and therapeutic contexts. The drug has become a first-line agent for invasive aspergillosis and is frequently employed…

Introduction / Overview Itraconazole is a triazole antifungal agent that has become a cornerstone in the management of numerous superficial and systemic mycoses. The drug was first introduced in the early 1980s and has since been integrated into clinical practice worldwide. Its broad spectrum of activity, coupled with convenient oral dosing options, renders itraconazole an…

Introduction / Overview Neomycin is a potent aminoglycoside antibiotic that has been utilized for over six decades primarily for topical and enteral applications. Despite the advent of newer systemic agents, neomycin remains indispensable in certain clinical scenarios such as the prevention of postoperative infections, management of cholangitis, and as a component of multi‑agent antibiotic combinations…

Introduction/Overview Nystatin is a polyene macrolide antifungal that has been employed for decades to manage superficial Candida infections. Its clinical relevance stems from its broad spectrum against yeast species, low systemic toxicity, and availability in multiple formulations tailored to topical, oral, and prophylactic indications. The importance of mastering nystatin pharmacology lies in optimizing therapeutic outcomes…

Introduction/Overview Streptomycin, a member of the aminoglycoside class, is a naturally occurring antibiotic derived from the soil bacterium Streptomyces griseus. It was the first antibiotic discovered that could effectively treat tuberculosis in humans, profoundly influencing infectious disease management. Over the decades, its therapeutic profile has evolved, encompassing a range of Gram‑negative infections and certain Gram‑positive…

Introduction Nitrofurantoin is a synthetic antibacterial agent belonging to the nitrofuran class, primarily utilized for the treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs). Its therapeutic action is achieved through the generation of reactive intermediates that interfere with bacterial macromolecular synthesis. The agent is characterized by its high urinary concentrations, minimal systemic absorption, and a favorable safety…

Introduction Clofazimine is a diarylquinoline derivative that functions as a first‑line agent in the treatment of leprosy and a valuable adjunct in multidrug‑resistant tuberculosis (TB). The compound is characterized by its distinctive red coloration, long plasma half‑life, and broad spectrum of activity against mycobacterial species. Understanding its pharmacologic profile is essential for clinicians and pharmacists…

Introduction/Overview Neomycin is a member of the aminoglycoside class of antibiotics, historically significant for its broad-spectrum activity against Gram-negative bacteria and certain Gram-positive organisms. The drug remains integral in topical formulations for skin and eye infections, as well as in some systemic preparations for localized infections. While systemic use has largely been supplanted by newer…

Introduction / Overview Streptomycin, discovered in the late 1940s, represents the first clinically useful aminoglycoside antibiotic. It has retained clinical relevance primarily in the management of severe mycobacterial infections, notably tuberculosis, and in certain Gram‑negative bacterial infections. The drug’s pharmacological profile is distinctive due to its selective interaction with the bacterial ribosome and its narrow…

Introduction Nitrofurantoin is a synthetic antimicrobial agent that has maintained a prominent position in the treatment of lower urinary tract infections for several decades. The compound was first synthesized in the mid‑twentieth century and subsequently introduced into clinical practice in the 1950s. Its continued relevance stems from a combination of a favorable pharmacokinetic profile, a…