1. Introduction Levofloxacin is a synthetic, narrow-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic that has become a cornerstone in the treatment of various bacterial infections. It is the S-enantiomer of the racemic mixture of ofloxacin and possesses superior activity against Gram‑positive and Gram‑negative organisms, as well as atypical pathogens. The drug’s extensive clinical use, coupled with its distinct pharmacokinetic…

Introduction Definition and Overview Linezolid is an oxazolidinone antibacterial agent that exerts its effect primarily through inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis. It is classified as a bacteriostatic agent that targets the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby preventing the formation of the initiation complex necessary for peptide chain elongation. The drug has been approved…

Introduction/Overview Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that has been employed extensively to treat a variety of bacterial infections for several decades. Its therapeutic utility stems from its broad spectrum of activity against Gram‑positive cocci, anaerobes, and certain atypical organisms, coupled with favorable pharmacokinetic properties that facilitate both oral and parenteral administration. The drug’s role in…

Introduction/Overview Erythromycin is a semi‑synthetic macrolide antibiotic that has maintained a prominent position in antimicrobial therapy since its introduction in the mid‑1970s. Its broad spectrum of activity against Gram‑positive cocci, certain Gram‑negative bacilli, and atypical organisms has rendered it a versatile agent in the treatment of community‑acquired respiratory infections, skin and soft‑tissue infections, and certain…

Introduction/Overview Clarithromycin is a second‑generation macrolide antibiotic that has been widely employed in the treatment of a variety of bacterial infections. The drug’s broad spectrum of activity, favourable pharmacokinetic profile, and acceptable safety margin have contributed to its extensive use in both community and hospital settings. Understanding its pharmacological properties is essential for clinicians, pharmacists,…

Introduction / Overview Doxycycline is a second‑generation tetracycline derivative widely utilized in both outpatient and inpatient settings. The drug’s broad antimicrobial spectrum, favorable pharmacokinetic profile, and versatility across a range of infectious and non‑infectious conditions underpin its prominence in clinical practice. In academic curricula, a thorough understanding of doxycycline is essential for pharmacists and clinicians…

Introduction Meropenem represents a broad‑spectrum carbapenem antibiotic that has become a cornerstone in the treatment of severe, multidrug‑resistant bacterial infections. Its utility is derived from a combination of potent bactericidal activity, a favorable pharmacokinetic profile, and a relatively low propensity for inducing resistance when used appropriately. The monograph presented herein provides a systematic exploration of…

Introduction Cefotaxime is a third‑generation cephalosporin antibiotic widely employed in the treatment of a range of bacterial infections. It is structurally related to earlier cephalosporins but possesses enhanced Gram‑negative coverage and improved stability against beta‑lactamases. The drug operates primarily by inhibiting bacterial cell‑wall synthesis, leading to cell lysis and death. Over the past four decades,…

Introduction Cefuroxime is a second‑generation cephalosporin antibiotic that has become a mainstay in the treatment of a broad spectrum of bacterial infections. Its chemical structure, characterized by a 7‑α‑methyl‑3‑oxo‑4‑piperazyl‑2‑methyl‑1,4‑β‑lactam ring, confers resistance to many β‑lactamases while maintaining affinity for a range of penicillin‑binding proteins (PBPs) found in Gram‑positive and Gram‑negative organisms. Historically, cefuroxime emerged in…

Introduction Cephalexin is a first‑generation cephalosporin antibiotic that has been widely utilized for the treatment of a variety of bacterial infections. The compound is chemically classified as a β‑lactam with a thienyl side chain, conferring resistance to many β‑lactamases produced by Gram‑positive organisms. Historically, cephalexin entered clinical use in the early 1970s as an orally…