Introduction/Overview Famotidine is a selective histamine H2 receptor antagonist that exerts potent anti‑secretory effects in the gastric mucosa. It is widely employed in the management of peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and Zollinger–Ellison syndrome, as well as in prophylactic regimens for stress ulcer prevention. The clinical relevance of famotidine lies in its favorable…

Introduction/Overview Esomeprazole, the S‑enantiomer of omeprazole, is a widely prescribed proton pump inhibitor (PPI) that exerts potent gastric acid suppression. Its clinical relevance stems from its role in managing conditions such as gastro‑oesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer disease (PUD), Zollinger‑Ellison syndrome, and Helicobacter pylori eradication regimens. The drug’s efficacy, favorable safety profile, and convenient…

Introduction / Overview Pantoprazole is a widely utilized proton pump inhibitor (PPI) that exerts potent acid‑suppressive effects in various gastrointestinal disorders. Its clinical significance stems from its efficacy in managing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), erosive esophagitis, and peptic ulcer disease, as well as its role in Helicobacter pylori eradication regimens and prophylaxis of NSAID‑induced ulceration….

Introduction Vitamin D, also known as cholecalciferol when referring to the dietary form, represents a fat‑soluble secosteroid essential for mineral homeostasis and cellular regulation. The compound is synthesized in the skin upon ultraviolet B radiation exposure and can also be ingested through fortified foods and supplements. Historically, the first recognition of vitamin D’s role emerged…

Introduction Definition and Overview Calcitonin is a 32‑amino‑acid peptide hormone primarily secreted by the parafollicular cells (C cells) of the thyroid gland. Its principal physiological role is the regulation of serum calcium concentration through inhibition of osteoclast‑mediated bone resorption. The hormone exerts its effects by binding to the calcitonin receptor (CALCR), a G‑protein‑coupled receptor expressed…

Introduction Alendronate is a nitrogen‑containing bisphosphonate that has become a cornerstone in the management of osteoporotic bone disease and several other conditions associated with increased bone resorption. The drug exerts its therapeutic effect primarily by inhibiting osteoclast‑mediated bone turnover, thereby improving bone mineral density and reducing fracture risk. Over the past three decades, alendronate has…

Introduction Clomiphene citrate is a nonsteroidal selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) employed primarily for the induction of ovulation in women with anovulatory infertility and in certain male infertility scenarios. The compound exerts its biological effect by competitively binding to estrogen receptors in the hypothalamus, thereby attenuating estrogen-mediated negative feedback and stimulating the release of gonadotropins….

Introduction Levonorgestrel is a synthetic progestogen that has become a cornerstone in modern reproductive medicine. It is widely employed as a contraceptive agent, both in oral formulations and as an intrauterine device (IUD), and is additionally utilized in emergency contraception and for the management of certain menstrual disorders. The compound was first synthesized in the…

Introduction Definition and Overview Mifepristone, also known by its International Nonproprietary Name (INN) and as RU‑486, is a synthetic steroidal anti‑progesterone agent that functions primarily as a competitive antagonist at the progesterone receptor (PR). It exerts additional activity as a partial agonist at the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and a weak antagonist at the mineralocorticoid receptor…

1. Introduction Definition and Overview Finasteride is a synthetic, orally administered, selective inhibitor of the enzyme 5α‑reductase. By blocking the conversion of testosterone to its more potent metabolite dihydrotestosterone (DHT), it is capable of modulating androgenic activity within target tissues. The drug is available in two primary dosage forms: a 1 mg tablet, typically prescribed for…