Introduction Rivaroxaban is a novel oral anticoagulant (NOAC) belonging to the class of direct factor Xa inhibitors. It is commonly used in the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders. Chemical Structure and Properties Rivaroxaban is chemically described as 5-chloro-N-({(5S)-2-oxo-3-[4-(3-oxomorpholin-4-yl)phenyl]-1,3-oxazolidin-5-yl}methyl)thiophene-2-carboxamide. It is a highly selective, direct factor Xa inhibitor with high oral bioavailability. Mechanism of Action…

Oxytocin, often referred to as the “love hormone,” plays a crucial role in various physiological and psychological processes. This article delves into the pharmacology of oxytocin, drawing insights from several authoritative sources. Introduction Oxytocin is a peptide hormone and neuropeptide, primarily known for its roles in childbirth and lactation. However, its influence extends to social…

Introduction to Pharmacovigilance Pharmacovigilance, a key public health function, involves the process and science of monitoring the safety of medicines and taking action to reduce risks while increasing their benefits. This field is crucial in ensuring the well-being of patients and the general public by identifying, evaluating, and preventing adverse effects or any other drug-related…

Introduction Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a bacterium that infects the stomach lining and is a common cause of peptic ulcers. It affects approximately half of the world’s population and is particularly prevalent in developing countries. While many individuals with H. pylori infection remain asymptomatic, the bacterium can cause significant gastrointestinal issues, including gastritis, peptic…

Introduction Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) is a gastrointestinal disorder characterized by sores or lesions in the lining of the stomach or duodenum. It is a significant health concern worldwide, affecting a broad demographic. Pathophysiology Peptic ulcers result from an imbalance between mucosal defensive factors (like mucus and bicarbonate secretion) and aggressive factors (such as gastric…

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (ZES) is a rare digestive disorder characterized by the development of one or more tumors, known as gastrinomas, in the pancreas and/or the upper part of the small intestine (duodenum). These gastrinomas produce excessive amounts of the hormone gastrin, leading to an overproduction of stomach acid. This excess acid can result in peptic…

The pharmacology of thyroid drugs encompasses a range of medications used to treat disorders of the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland secretes two types of hormones: iodine-containing amino acids (thyroxine [T4] and triiodothyronine [T3]) and a peptide (calcitonin). T4 and T3 have broad effects on growth, development, and metabolism, while calcitonin is involved in calcium…

Introduction Prostaglandin analogues are a class of drugs that bind to a prostaglandin receptor1. They have revolutionized the management of glaucoma, with their intraocular pressure (IOP) reducing efficacy combined with few systemic side effects and once a day dosing2. Mechanism of Action In Glaucoma Treatment: Prostaglandin analogues work by enhancing uveoscleral outflow of aqueous humour. They may…

Diphenhydramine is a first-generation antihistamine widely used for its efficacy in treating various allergic reactions, insomnia, and motion sickness. Mechanism of Action Diphenhydramine primarily functions by antagonizing the H1 (histamine 1) receptor, though it exhibits other mechanisms of action as well. The H1 receptor is found in numerous body tissues, including respiratory smooth muscles, vascular…