Introduction Definition and Overview Low testosterone, also referred to as male hypogonadism, denotes a state in which circulating concentrations of testosterone fall below the reference range for healthy adult males. This condition can arise from primary or secondary etiologies, leading to a spectrum of clinical manifestations that may affect physical, psychological, and metabolic domains. The…
Introduction Definition and Overview Prostate cancer warning signs refer to the constellation of clinical manifestations, laboratory abnormalities, and imaging findings that may indicate the presence of malignant transformation within the prostate gland. These signs, while not pathognomonic, provide essential clues that enable early detection, risk stratification, and timely therapeutic intervention. The prostate, a small exocrine…
Introduction Definition and Overview Prostate cancer refers to malignant proliferation of epithelial cells within the prostate gland. The disease is characterized by uncontrolled growth, potential for local invasion, and the capacity to spread to regional lymph nodes and distant organs. The most common presentation involves urinary symptoms and, in advanced stages, skeletal metastasis. Recognition of…
Introduction Definition and Overview Ovarian cysts are fluid‑filled sacs that develop within or on the surface of an ovary. While many cysts remain asymptomatic and resolve spontaneously, a subset can elicit a spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from mild discomfort to life‑threatening complications. The symptomatic profile is influenced by cyst type, size, location, and underlying…
Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED) is defined as the persistent or recurrent inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance. It is a multifactorial condition encompassing physiological, psychological, and lifestyle determinants. Historically, references to impotence appear in ancient medical texts, yet systematic classification and pharmacologic intervention emerged only in the late twentieth…
Introduction Definition and Overview Birth control refers to the deliberate prevention of pregnancy through pharmacologic or device-based interventions. These interventions span a spectrum from hormonal formulations, such as oral contraceptives and long‑acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs), to non‑hormonal methods including barrier devices, copper intrauterine devices (IUDs), and fertility awareness techniques. The overarching objective is to provide…
Introduction Breast cancer remains the most frequently diagnosed malignancy among women worldwide and constitutes a leading cause of cancer‑related mortality. The term “breast cancer screening” encompasses a spectrum of strategies aimed at detecting disease at an early, treatable stage, thereby reducing morbidity and mortality. Breast self‑examination (BSE) is a patient‑initiated method designed to familiarize individuals…
Introduction Vaginal infections constitute a significant proportion of gynecologic consultations and are frequently encountered in clinical practice. Among these, bacterial vaginosis (BV) and vulvovaginal candidiasis (commonly referred to as yeast infection) represent the most common etiologies of vaginal discharge and discomfort. The distinction between these two conditions is crucial, as the therapeutic approaches differ markedly,…
Introduction Definition and Overview Breast cancer screening comprises systematic procedures aimed at detecting malignancies in asymptomatic women prior to the appearance of clinical signs. The principal modalities are mammography, adjunctive imaging such as ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and the self‑breast examination (SBE), which is a patient‑driven method for early detection. SBE involves a…
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