Category: Emergency & First Aid

Introduction Definition and Overview Anaphylaxis is an acute, life‑threatening systemic hypersensitivity reaction that involves the rapid release of mediators from mast cells and basophils. Clinical manifestations typically include cutaneous signs (urticaria, angioedema), respiratory compromise (bronchospasm, laryngeal edema), cardiovascular instability (hypotension, tachycardia), and gastrointestinal disturbance (vomiting, diarrhea). Rapid recognition and intervention are essential to avert progression…

Introduction Heat‑related illnesses represent a significant proportion of emergency department presentations during periods of elevated ambient temperature. Among these, heat exhaustion and heat stroke are the two most frequently encountered conditions. Heat exhaustion is generally considered a reversible, compensable state of heat stress, whereas heat stroke denotes a profound, life‑threatening failure of thermoregulatory mechanisms. Accurate…

Introduction Definition and Overview Concussion is a form of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) characterized by transient neurological dysfunction following mechanical forces applied to the head or body. Head injury, in a broader sense, encompasses a spectrum ranging from superficial contusions to severe intracranial hemorrhage. Both conditions frequently present in emergency settings and demand rapid…

Introduction Burns represent a spectrum of tissue injuries caused by thermal, chemical, electrical, or radiative agents. Minor burns, encompassing superficial (first‑degree) and partial‑thickness (second‑degree) injuries that affect less than 10 % of the body surface area (TBSA), are frequently encountered in domestic settings. These injuries are often self‑treated, yet inadequate management can lead to infection, delayed…

Introduction Definition and Overview The Heimlich maneuver, also known as abdominal thrusts, is a first‑aid technique designed to relieve upper airway obstruction caused by a foreign body. It involves a series of rapid compressions of the diaphragm by applying intra‑abdominal pressure, thereby generating a sudden increase in intrathoracic pressure that expels the obstructing material. The…

Introduction Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a lifesaving emergency procedure designed to maintain circulatory and respiratory function in patients experiencing cardiac or respiratory arrest until definitive care can be established. The technique has evolved over centuries, from early manual chest compressions described in the 8th century to modern algorithmic approaches endorsed by international resuscitation councils. The…