Introduction Definition and Overview Ovarian cysts are fluid‑filled sacs that develop within or on the surface of an ovary. While many cysts remain asymptomatic and resolve spontaneously, a subset can elicit a spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from mild discomfort to life‑threatening complications. The symptomatic profile is influenced by cyst type, size, location, and underlying…
Introduction Definition and Overview Birth control refers to the deliberate prevention of pregnancy through pharmacologic or device-based interventions. These interventions span a spectrum from hormonal formulations, such as oral contraceptives and long‑acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs), to non‑hormonal methods including barrier devices, copper intrauterine devices (IUDs), and fertility awareness techniques. The overarching objective is to provide…
Introduction Breast cancer remains the most frequently diagnosed malignancy among women worldwide and constitutes a leading cause of cancer‑related mortality. The term “breast cancer screening” encompasses a spectrum of strategies aimed at detecting disease at an early, treatable stage, thereby reducing morbidity and mortality. Breast self‑examination (BSE) is a patient‑initiated method designed to familiarize individuals…
Introduction Vaginal infections constitute a significant proportion of gynecologic consultations and are frequently encountered in clinical practice. Among these, bacterial vaginosis (BV) and vulvovaginal candidiasis (commonly referred to as yeast infection) represent the most common etiologies of vaginal discharge and discomfort. The distinction between these two conditions is crucial, as the therapeutic approaches differ markedly,…
Introduction Definition and Overview Breast cancer screening comprises systematic procedures aimed at detecting malignancies in asymptomatic women prior to the appearance of clinical signs. The principal modalities are mammography, adjunctive imaging such as ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and the self‑breast examination (SBE), which is a patient‑driven method for early detection. SBE involves a…
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Introduction/Overview Menopause represents the permanent cessation of ovarian follicular activity, typically occurring between the ages of 45 and 55. The transition is accompanied by a decline in circulating estrogen and progesterone, leading to a constellation of somatic and psychosocial manifestations. Clinical management frequently involves hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to alleviate symptoms and mitigate long‑term health…
Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder that represents one of the most common causes of anovulatory infertility in women of reproductive age. The syndrome is characterized by a constellation of clinical features, including hyperandrogenism, chronic anovulation, and polycystic ovarian morphology on ultrasonography. Although diagnostic criteria have evolved over the past few…
Introduction Early signs of pregnancy refer to the physiological, biochemical, and symptomatic changes that occur in the maternal body shortly after conception and implantation. These indicators provide essential information for clinicians, pharmacists, and students in identifying pregnancy at a stage where interventions can significantly influence maternal and fetal outcomes. Historically, the recognition of early pregnancy…