Introduction Tinnitus is defined as the perception of sound in the absence of external acoustic stimulation. The phenomenon is frequently described by patients as ringing, roaring, buzzing, or hissing, and may be unilateral or bilateral, continuous or intermittent. The prevalence of tinnitus among adults is estimated at 15–20 %, with an increased incidence in individuals aged…
Introduction Cataract extraction represents a cornerstone of contemporary ophthalmic practice, providing rapid restoration of visual function for millions of patients worldwide. The procedure, typically performed in a controlled outpatient setting, involves the removal of opacified crystalline lenses and implantation of artificial intraocular lenses (IOLs). The overarching aim is to reestablish optical clarity and correct refractive…
Introduction Glaucoma represents a group of ocular disorders characterized by progressive optic neuropathy and visual field loss, primarily linked to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). The disease spectrum ranges from open-angle glaucoma (OAG), the most prevalent form, to angle-closure glaucoma (ACG), uveitic glaucoma, and secondary glaucomas associated with systemic or ocular comorbidities. Although typically confined to…
Introduction Conjunctivitis, commonly referred to as pink eye, represents a frequent inflammatory condition of the conjunctival mucosa. The clinical presentation is characterized by ocular redness, tearing, discharge, and occasionally discomfort or photophobia. Historically, descriptions of ocular inflammation date back to antiquity, with early physicians noting the characteristic erythema and discharge. Over the past century, advances…