Introduction Definition and Overview Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development in children. The core diagnostic criteria are delineated in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM‑5). These criteria require that symptoms be present…
Introduction Definition and Overview Pediatric croup, also known as laryngotracheobronchitis, is an acute viral infection of the upper airway that produces a characteristic inspiratory bark‑like cough, often accompanied by stridor and variable degrees of respiratory distress. The hallmark sound, resembling a harsh, high‑pitched bark, is produced by turbulent airflow through a partially narrowed subglottic region….
Introduction Definition and Overview Chickenpox, or varicella, is a highly contagious vesicular disease caused by the varicella‑zoster virus (VZV). The infection primarily manifests in children, presenting with a characteristic rash, fever, and malaise. The clinical course typically spans 5–7 days, after which lesions crust over and resolve. In the pediatric setting, rapid identification and management…
Introduction Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common viral exanthem that predominantly affects infants and young children. It is typically caused by enteroviruses, most frequently Coxsackievirus A16 and enterovirus 71. The disease manifests as a self-limiting febrile illness with vesicular lesions on the oral mucosa, hands, feet, and occasionally the buttocks. Although the…
Introduction Definition and Overview Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a non‑enveloped, single‑stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family. It is the principal pathogen responsible for lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children worldwide. RSV infection typically manifests during winter months in temperate climates and can lead to bronchiolitis, pneumonia, or exacerbation of…
Introduction Ear infections, particularly acute otitis media (AOM), represent one of the most frequently encountered otolaryngologic conditions in pediatric practice. The condition is characterized by inflammation of the middle ear cavity, frequently accompanied by fluid accumulation and bacterial or viral colonization of the eustachian tube. Historically, the prevalence of AOM in children has been documented…