Introduction / Overview Nimodipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker that has been widely adopted in the management of cerebrovascular disorders, particularly following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The drug’s selective affinity for cerebral vasculature, combined with its favorable pharmacokinetic profile, renders it a cornerstone therapy in preventing delayed cerebral ischemia. This chapter aims to provide…
Introduction / Overview Nifedipine is a widely used dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker (CCB) that has been incorporated into clinical practice for several decades. The medication is primarily indicated for the management of systemic arterial hypertension and angina pectoris, and its pharmacologic properties have found application across a range of cardiovascular conditions. The clinical relevance of…
Introduction / Overview Valsartan is a widely employed angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) that has become integral to the management of hypertension and heart failure. Its pharmacologic profile, characterized by potent and selective antagonism of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor, has contributed to a broad therapeutic spectrum. The relevance of valsartan stems from its…
Introduction/Overview Telmisartan is a widely utilized selective antagonist of the angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor, belonging to the class of angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs). It is predominantly indicated for the management of essential hypertension and for the reduction of cardiovascular events in patients with hypertension who are at high risk of myocardial infarction…
1. Introduction 1.1 Definition and Overview Acetazolamide is a sulfonamide derivative that functions as a reversible inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase (CA). By blocking the enzymatic conversion of carbon dioxide and water into bicarbonate and protons, it induces diuresis and alters acid–base balance. The drug is administered orally or intravenously and is available in multiple dosage…
Introduction Dextromethorphan (DXM) is a synthetic member of the piperidine family that functions primarily as an antitussive agent. Its chemical designation is (‑)-3,4‑dihydro‑2,6-dimethyl‑1,3‑piperidyl‑4‑methoxy‑1‑phenyl‑2‑butanone, and it is the major active enantiomer of the racemic mixture found in most over‑the‑counter cough preparations. DXM is widely utilized for the suppression of non‑productive cough, particularly in the upper respiratory…
1. Introduction Acetylcysteine, also known as N‑acetylcysteine (NAC), is a semi‑synthetic derivative of the naturally occurring amino acid L‑cysteine. It functions as a mucolytic agent, an antioxidant, and a precursor to glutathione synthesis. The compound was first isolated in the late 19th century, but its therapeutic potential was not fully appreciated until the mid‑20th century…
Introduction Definition and Overview Fluticasone is a synthetic, high‑potency corticosteroid belonging to the class of glucocorticoids. It is available in multiple formulations, including inhaled solutions for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), nasal sprays for allergic rhinitis, and topical creams for dermatologic conditions. The drug exerts anti‑inflammatory, anti‑immunologic, and vasoconstrictive effects through modulation of…
Introduction Budesonide is a synthetic glucocorticoid that is extensively employed in the management of inflammatory airway disorders, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), as well as in localized gastrointestinal conditions including eosinophilic esophagitis and ulcerative colitis. The drug is primarily administered via inhalation or oral routes, with formulations tailored to achieve optimal…
Introduction Terbutaline is a selective β2-adrenergic receptor agonist that has been employed for several therapeutic indications, most notably for the management of acute bronchospasm in asthma and for the suppression of preterm uterine contractions. The compound is administered via multiple routes, including inhalation, intramuscular injection, and subcutaneous injection, each with distinct pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles….