Introduction Quetiapine is an atypical antipsychotic that has become integral in the management of several psychiatric disorders, notably schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. It is classified as a second‑generation antipsychotic owing to its distinct receptor binding profile and comparatively lower extrapyramidal toxicity relative to first‑generation agents. The drug was first introduced in the early 1990s and…
Introduction Definition and Overview Olanzapine is a second‑generation (atypical) antipsychotic agent belonging to the tricyclic class of compounds. It is primarily indicated for the management of acute and maintenance phases of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The drug exerts a complex receptor binding profile, acting as an antagonist at dopamine D2 and serotonin 5‑HT2A receptors, while…
Introduction Risperidone is a second‑generation or atypical antipsychotic that has become a cornerstone for the management of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, irritability associated with autistic disorder, and other psychiatric conditions. It is characterized by a distinct receptor affinity profile that confers a favorable balance between efficacy and tolerability compared with first‑generation antipsychotics. Historically, risperidone was first…
Introduction Bromocriptine is a synthetic ergot-derived dopamine D2 receptor agonist that has been widely employed in the treatment of dopaminergic disorders, hyperprolactinemia, and certain metabolic conditions. The compound’s structural resemblance to endogenous dopamine confers a unique pharmacodynamic profile, enabling selective activation of dopamine receptors while maintaining a favorable safety margin compared to older ergot alkaloids….
Introduction Carbidopa is a peripheral aromatic L‑alanine decarboxylase inhibitor that is most commonly combined with levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. It functions by reducing peripheral conversion of levodopa to dopamine, thereby increasing the proportion of levodopa that reaches the central nervous system. This monograph provides an in-depth review of carbidopa’s pharmacological properties, clinical…
Introduction Definition and Overview Levetiracetam is a second‑generation antiepileptic agent characterized by a pyrrolidone nucleus and a phenyl substituent. It is marketed under various brand names and is available in oral and intravenous formulations. The drug exhibits a favorable pharmacokinetic profile, with rapid absorption, high bioavailability, and minimal protein binding. Its therapeutic index is considered…
Introduction Topiramate is a synthetic antiepileptic agent that has expanded its therapeutic role to include migraine prophylaxis, adjunctive therapy for bipolar disorder, and weight‑loss management in certain clinical settings. The drug was first introduced in the early 1990s and has since become a staple in seizure control regimens due to its favorable efficacy–safety profile and…
Introduction Definition and Overview Lamotrigine is a pyrrolobenzodiazepine derivative that functions as an antiepileptic and mood stabilizer. It is typically administered orally and is known for its broad spectrum of efficacy against partial and generalized seizures as well as for its utility in bipolar disorder. The drug possesses a relatively low potential for drug–drug interactions…
Introduction Pregabalin is a structural analogue of gamma‑aminobutyric acid (GABA) that has been extensively employed in the management of neuropathic pain, partial‑onset seizures, and generalized anxiety disorder. Its development commenced in the early 1990s, with pivotal preclinical studies revealing potent analgesic and anticonvulsant properties. Commercial availability began in the early 2000s, and since then, pregabalin…
Introduction Definition and Overview Gabapentin is a synthetic analogue of the neurotransmitter γ‑aminobutyric acid (GABA). It is structurally related to GABA but does not bind to GABA receptors nor does it possess classical GABAergic activity. Instead, gabapentin selectively binds to the α2δ subunit of voltage‑gated calcium channels (VGCCs) in the central nervous system, thereby modulating…