Introduction Zolpidem is a non-benzodiazepine hypnotic agent belonging to the imidazopyridine class. It is predominantly prescribed for the short‑term management of insomnia, particularly for difficulties with sleep onset. The compound selectively binds to the α1 subunit of the γ‑aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor complex, producing sedative and hypnotic effects without significant anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, or…
Introduction Midazolam is a short‑acting benzodiazepine frequently employed for its anxiolytic, hypnotic, amnesic, and anticonvulsant properties. The molecule’s rapid onset and brief duration of action have rendered it indispensable for procedural sedation, induction of anesthesia, and management of acute seizures. Historically, midazolam was first synthesized in the early 1960s, and subsequent clinical trials established its…
Introduction Alprazolam is a short‑acting benzodiazepine that exerts its therapeutic effect primarily through modulation of the gamma‑aminobutyric acid type A (GABA_A) receptor complex. The drug is widely employed in the management of generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and related psychiatric conditions. Its rapid onset of action, predictable pharmacokinetic profile, and favorable safety margin under therapeutic…
Introduction Filgrastim is a recombinant form of human granulocyte colony‑stimulating factor (G‑CSF) that has been incorporated into clinical practice for the management of neutropenia associated with various hematologic and oncologic conditions. Its use has revolutionised supportive care by reducing the incidence, duration, and severity of neutropenic episodes, thereby permitting the delivery of optimal chemotherapy regimens….
Introduction Folic acid, also known as vitamin B9, is a water‑soluble micronutrient essential for DNA synthesis, repair, and methylation. It is the synthetic form of the naturally occurring folate found in leafy green vegetables, legumes, and fortified foods. The concept of a drug monograph traditionally refers to a comprehensive profile of a therapeutic agent, encompassing…
Introduction Vitamin K is a fat‑soluble vitamin that encompasses several isomers, among which phytomenadione (vitamin K1) is the most prevalent in plant sources. The current monograph focuses on phytomenadione, elaborating its biochemical identity, pharmacological attributes, and clinical significance. The importance of this compound lies in its essential role in the post‑translational γ‑carboxylation of glutamic acid…
Introduction Alteplase, a recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt‑PA), represents a pivotal class of fibrinolytic agents employed in the emergent restoration of blood flow in thrombotic disorders. Originally derived from bacterial DNA recombination technology, it has been adapted for therapeutic use in a range of clinical scenarios, most notably acute ischemic stroke, ST‑segment elevation myocardial infarction…
Introduction Definition and Overview Dabigatran etexilate is a prodrug that undergoes rapid conversion to its active form, dabigatran, after oral administration. The active moiety selectively inhibits thrombin (factor IIa) by binding to its active site, thereby preventing the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin and subsequent clot formation. This pharmacologic action renders dabigatran a direct thrombin…
Introduction Definition and Overview Rivaroxaban is an oral, direct inhibitor of factor Xa, a pivotal serine protease in the coagulation cascade. By selectively blocking factor Xa, rivaroxaban impedes the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, thereby reducing fibrin clot formation. It is marketed under various brand names and is widely utilized in the prevention and treatment…
Introduction/Overview Imatinib mesylate, commercially known as Gleevec, represents a landmark in targeted cancer therapy due to its selective inhibition of specific tyrosine kinases. Since its approval in the late 1990s for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), it has expanded to encompass a variety of malignancies driven by aberrant kinase activity. The clinical relevance of imatinib lies…