Introduction Propylthiouracil (PTU) is a thioamide antithyroid agent employed in the management of thyrotoxicosis. It functions primarily by inhibiting thyroid hormone synthesis and by reducing peripheral conversion of thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3). This compound has played a pivotal role in endocrine pharmacotherapy since its introduction in the mid‑20th century and remains an essential option…
Introduction / Overview Brief Introduction Carbimazole is a non‑steroidal antithyroid medication employed in the management of hyperthyroidism. It functions as a prodrug, undergoing biotransformation to yield the active metabolite methimazole, which directly inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis. The drug has been incorporated into clinical practice for several decades and remains a mainstay in the therapeutic armamentarium…
Introduction Levothyroxine, a synthetic analog of the endogenous thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4), serves as the cornerstone therapeutic agent for hypothyroidism and thyroid hormone replacement in a variety of clinical contexts. The drug’s pharmacologic profile is characterized by high oral bioavailability, extensive distribution, slow elimination, and a broad therapeutic index. Historically, levothyroxine was first synthesized in…
Introduction Glibenclamide, also known as glyburide, represents a cornerstone in the pharmacologic management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It belongs to the class of sulfonylurea antidiabetic agents and exerts its therapeutic action primarily through stimulation of insulin secretion from pancreatic β‑cells. Historically, glibenclamide was introduced in the early 1970s as part of the second generation…
Introduction Definition and Overview Metformin is a biguanide derivative that functions primarily as an oral antidiabetic agent. It exerts its therapeutic effect by modulating hepatic gluconeogenesis, enhancing peripheral glucose uptake, and improving insulin sensitivity. The compound is administered in tablet form and is widely incorporated into first‑line treatment regimens for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Historical Background…
Introduction/Overview Insulin remains the cornerstone of glycaemic management for individuals with diabetes mellitus. Its pivotal role in regulating carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism has been confirmed through decades of clinical research. In contemporary practice, the breadth of insulin preparations—ranging from human recombinant variants to analogues with distinct kinetic profiles—has expanded therapeutic flexibility. Understanding the pharmacological…
Introduction Disulfiram is a non‑opioid, organosulfur compound that has been utilized for over six decades as a pharmacologic deterrent in the management of alcohol dependence. Its principal action involves irreversible inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), leading to the accumulation of acetaldehyde upon ethanol ingestion. This metabolic blockade produces an aversive physiological response, thereby discouraging alcohol…
Introduction Definition and Overview Ethanol, chemically denoted as C2H5OH, is a simple aliphatic alcohol that has been widely studied in the fields of chemistry, pharmacology, and medicine. It functions both as a solvent in pharmaceutical formulations and as a psychoactive substance in clinical and forensic contexts. The monograph aims to provide a comprehensive synthesis of…
Introduction Definition and Overview Ketamine is a synthetic arylcyclohexylamine that was first synthesized in 1961 and introduced for clinical use in 1970 as a dissociative anesthetic. It is widely recognized for its unique pharmacologic profile that encompasses anesthetic, analgesic, and psychotropic properties. The drug is most commonly administered intravenously, intramuscularly, or orally, and it is…
Introduction Thiopental sodium is a short‑acting barbiturate that has been employed extensively as an intravenous anesthetic induction agent and, more recently, as an adjunct in critical care settings. The compound is the sodium salt of thiopental, a derivative of phenobarbital in which the phenolic hydroxyl group is replaced by a nitro group. This modification confers…