Introduction Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a chronic digestive disorder marked by the recurrent reflux of stomach contents, particularly gastric acid, into the esophagus. This condition is not only common but also poses a significant impact on the quality of life and overall health of affected individuals. Detailed Pathophysiology GERD occurs due to the dysfunction…
Introduction Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal disorder characterized by a group of symptoms that typically occur together. These include repeated pain in the abdomen and changes in bowel movements, which may manifest as diarrhea, constipation, or a combination of both. Notably, IBS symptoms occur without visible signs of damage or disease in…
Introduction Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a term that encompasses two main chronic conditions: Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. These diseases are characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, leading to various symptoms and complications. IBD is distinguished by periods of active disease and remission, significantly impacting patients’ quality of life [1-6]. Pathophysiology…
Introduction Vancomycin, a glycopeptide antibiotic, is a critical agent in the treatment of severe Gram-positive bacterial infections, especially those caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and enterococci. It is often reserved for cases where other antibiotics are ineffective. Chemical Structure and Properties Vancomycin is a complex tricyclic glycosylated peptide with a molecular formula of C66H75Cl2N9O24….
Introduction Rivaroxaban is a novel oral anticoagulant (NOAC) belonging to the class of direct factor Xa inhibitors. It is commonly used in the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders. Chemical Structure and Properties Rivaroxaban is chemically described as 5-chloro-N-({(5S)-2-oxo-3-[4-(3-oxomorpholin-4-yl)phenyl]-1,3-oxazolidin-5-yl}methyl)thiophene-2-carboxamide. It is a highly selective, direct factor Xa inhibitor with high oral bioavailability. Mechanism of Action…
Oxytocin, often referred to as the “love hormone,” plays a crucial role in various physiological and psychological processes. This article delves into the pharmacology of oxytocin, drawing insights from several authoritative sources. Introduction Oxytocin is a peptide hormone and neuropeptide, primarily known for its roles in childbirth and lactation. However, its influence extends to social…
Introduction to Pharmacovigilance Pharmacovigilance, a key public health function, involves the process and science of monitoring the safety of medicines and taking action to reduce risks while increasing their benefits. This field is crucial in ensuring the well-being of patients and the general public by identifying, evaluating, and preventing adverse effects or any other drug-related…
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (ZES) is a rare digestive disorder characterized by the development of one or more tumors, known as gastrinomas, in the pancreas and/or the upper part of the small intestine (duodenum). These gastrinomas produce excessive amounts of the hormone gastrin, leading to an overproduction of stomach acid. This excess acid can result in peptic…
Introduction Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a bacterium that infects the stomach lining and is a common cause of peptic ulcers. It affects approximately half of the world’s population and is particularly prevalent in developing countries. While many individuals with H. pylori infection remain asymptomatic, the bacterium can cause significant gastrointestinal issues, including gastritis, peptic…
Introduction Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) is a gastrointestinal disorder characterized by sores or lesions in the lining of the stomach or duodenum. It is a significant health concern worldwide, affecting a broad demographic. Pathophysiology Peptic ulcers result from an imbalance between mucosal defensive factors (like mucus and bicarbonate secretion) and aggressive factors (such as gastric…