Introduction Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are critical to pharmacology and medical treatment. These unintended consequences, often termed side effects, adverse effects, or toxic effects, are influenced by various factors such as the drug’s mechanism of action, dosage, and the patient’s health status. This article aims to provide an in-depth understanding of these adverse effects’ mechanisms,…
Introduction Adrenergic receptors play a pivotal role in regulating physiological processes and are the target of numerous pharmacological interventions. These receptors are broadly classified into α and β types, with further subtypes within each group. This article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the classification of adrenergic receptors, their functional roles, and their implications…
Introduction Procainamide is a medication primarily used in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias, which are irregular heart rhythms. It belongs to the class of antiarrhythmic agents known as Group I or Class 1A medications. This class of drugs works by blocking sodium channels in cardiomyocytes, which are the cells in the heart muscle that generate…
Introduction Quinidine is a class IA antiarrhythmic agent used to treat heart rhythm disturbances. It is a diastereomer of the antimalarial agent quinine, originally derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. The drug causes increased action potential duration as well as a prolonged QT interval. Cardiac Effects Similarities with Procainamide Unique Features Toxicity Extracardiac…
Introduction Disopyramide is a Class 1a antiarrhythmic agent, primarily used in the treatment of ventricular tachycardia. It functions as a sodium channel blocker, inhibiting conduction by depressing the increase in sodium permeability of cardiac myocytes during the initial phase of the cardiac action potential. This reduces the inward sodium current, leading to an increased threshold…
Introduction Pharmacodynamics is the study of how drugs interact with biological systems, specifically focusing on the effects of drugs on the body. One of the most critical aspects of pharmacodynamics is the role of receptors and binding sites in mediating drug actions. This article aims to shed light on these complex interactions, explaining how drugs…
Introduction The journey from drug discovery to market is a complex and intricate process, often fraught with challenges and uncertainties. One of the most critical aspects of this journey is identifying and validating the targets of drug action. This article delves into the intricacies of drug targets, exploring questions of druggability, target validation, and the…
Introduction Pharmacokinetics is the science that describes how drugs move within the body and is crucial for rational dosing in clinical settings. This article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the key pharmacokinetic principles, including the movement of drugs in the body, permeation, Fick’s Law of Diffusion, and the solubility characteristics of drugs. The…
The Intersection of Religion and Medicine At the dawn of human civilization, religion and medicine were inextricably linked. Priests, shamans, and holy people were the original pharmacologists, wielding the power of both spiritual and medicinal healing. They were the mediators between the earthly and the divine, and their influence within communities was largely based on…
Introduction The landscape of drug discovery has undergone significant changes over the years. Traditionally dominated by small organic molecules, the field has expanded to include large molecules like proteins, thanks to advancements in recombinant DNA technology. This article explores the journey from traditional small-molecule drugs to the increasingly important role of large molecules in modern…