Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is a vital hormone and neurotransmitter released by the adrenal medulla, primarily in response to stressful scenarios. Its crucial role in the “fight-or-flight” response prepares the body to confront or flee from potential threats. Below is an in-depth exploration of the pharmacology of adrenaline: Mechanism of Action Adrenaline is an…
Autacoids, also known as autocoids, are biological factors resembling local hormones. They are produced, act, and are metabolized locally within the body, influencing activities of various tissues such as smooth muscles, glands, nerves, platelets, and more (1). Notable autacoids include eicosanoids, angiotensin, neurotensin, nitric oxide, kinins, histamine, serotonin, endothelins, and palmitoylethanolamide. Autacoids are classified into…
Introduction Histamine is a biogenic amine found in many tissues, including mast cells, basophils, lymphocytes, neurons, and gastric enterochromaffin-like cells. It is an autacoid, a molecule secreted locally to increase or decrease the activity of nearby cells. Histamine is a major mediator of allergic and inflammatory processes and also has significant roles in the regulation…
Histamine, a pivotal mediator in various physiological and pathological processes, is synthesized from the amino acid L-histidine. This transformation is facilitated by the enzyme histidine decarboxylase. Histamine’s diverse roles in the body are mediated through its interaction with four types of G-protein-coupled receptors: H1, H2, H3, and H4, each distinct in their distribution and function…
Introduction Albendazole, a benzimidazole anthelmintic, is an FDA-approved medication employed to manage various parasitic worm infections, demonstrating a broad-spectrum efficacy against numerous helminth diseases1, 2. Mechanism of Action: The primary mechanism of action revolves around the inhibition of microtubule polymerization. Specifically, the active metabolite of Albendazole, albendazole sulfoxide, induces selective degeneration of cytoplasmic microtubules in…
Introduction Linzagolix, brand named Yselty®, is a selective, orally administered, non-peptide small molecule gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor antagonist developed by Kissei Pharmaceutical, aimed at treating uterine fibroids and endometriosis in women of reproductive age1. Here is an in-depth insight into Linzagolix’s pharmacology, along with some recent updates: Mechanism of Action Linzagolix operates by binding to…
Levodopa (L-Dopa) and Carbidopa are used in combination to manage the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia. The pharmacology of these drugs hinges on the modulation of dopamine activity in the brain, given the critical role dopamine deficiency plays in the manifestation of Parkinson’s disease symptoms. Below…
Introduction This article provides in-depth pharmacology of Lidocaine, a crucial local anesthetic and class Ib antiarrhythmic agent. It delves into detailed pharmacology, elucidating the mechanism of action, factors affecting anesthetic efficacy, and extensive clinical applications. Highlighted are various anesthetic techniques empowered by Lidocaine and recent advancements that expand its therapeutic scope. Through reputable references, this…
Vecuronium is a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent utilized for muscle relaxation during surgical procedures or as an adjunct in general anesthesia. Here’s a detailed breakdown of its pharmacology: Classification Mechanism of Action: Pharmacokinetics Indications Adverse Effects Drug Interactions Special Populations This thorough analysis of Vecuronium’s pharmacology underscores its mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, and…
Introduction Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) agonists/analogues are a class of drugs primarily used in the management of hormone-responsive diseases. They play a crucial role in manipulating the hormonal environment within the body, specifically targeting the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Here’s a comprehensive look at their pharmacology: Drug examples Here are some examples of GnRH agonists: Mechanism of Action…