Introduction Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are medications used to treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. There are several classes of AEDs, each with different mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects. In this answer, we will discuss the classification of AEDs, along with examples of drugs in each class, their mechanism of…
Introduction Antiparkinsonian drugs are a group of medications used to treat the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia. These drugs work by either increasing dopamine levels in the brain or blocking the effects of acetylcholine. Here is a classification of antiparkinsonian drugs along with examples, their mechanism of…
Sedative-hypnotics are a class of drugs that work on the central nervous system (CNS) to produce a calming or drowsy effect and are often prescribed for insomnia, anxiety, and seizure disorders. They can be classified into three main categories: benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and Z-drugs (non-benzodiazepine hypnotics). Here’s a brief overview of these classes, along with some…
Penicillins are a class of antibiotics commonly used to treat bacterial infections. They are part of the beta-lactam group of antibiotics, including cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams. Penicillins are named after their structure, which includes a four-membered beta-lactam ring. 1. Classification: Penicillins can be classified into several groups based on their spectrum of activity and resistance…
Antimicrobial agents can be broadly classified into six main categories: antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, antiprotozoals, anthelmintics, and antiseptics. Antibiotics can be classified into several classes based on their chemical structure, mechanism of action, and spectrum of activity. Some of the major classes include: a. Beta-lactams: Examples: Penicillins (e.g., amoxicillin, penicillin G), cephalosporins (e.g., cephalexin, ceftriaxone), and…
Introduction Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) are an important aspect of chemistry that has been applied in many fields, particularly in drug design. It is a scientific method used to understand the relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological activity. SAR provides a comprehensive understanding of how the structure of a molecule affects…
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) can range from mild to severe and can occur at any stage of drug use, from initiation to long-term use. What Are Adverse Drug Reactions? ADRs are any harmful or unintended effects of medications that occur at doses used for the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of diseases. ADRs can occur due…
Clinical pharmacokinetics is a branch of pharmacology that studies the clinical aspects of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs. In this article, we will explore key concepts in clinical pharmacokinetics, including plasma half-life, bioavailability, clearance, steady-state concentration, loading dose, maintenance dose, Elimination Kinetics and therapeutic index (TI). Plasma Half-Life The plasma half-life is defined…
Sympathomimetics, also known as adrenergic agonists, are a group of drugs that mimic the effects of the sympathetic nervous system. They activate the adrenergic receptors in the body and cause physiological responses similar to those of the sympathetic nervous system. Sympathomimetics are used in the treatment of various medical conditions such as asthma, hypotension, and…
Introduction Parasympathomimetics, also known as cholinergic agonists, are a class of drugs that act on the parasympathetic nervous system. They are used to treat a variety of medical conditions by stimulating the activity of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter involved in many physiological processes. This article explores the classification of parasympathomimetics, their individual pharmacological actions, clinical uses, adverse effects, and contraindications. Classification of Parasympathomimetics Parasympathomimetics are…