Introduction Definition and Overview Syphilis is a chronic, systemic infection caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. It is transmitted predominantly through sexual contact, but congenital and iatrogenic routes are also recognized. The disease progresses through distinct clinical stages, each characterized by specific manifestations, diagnostic findings, and therapeutic strategies. The importance of understanding the natural history…
Introduction Definition and Overview Human papillomavirus (HPV) represents a group of more than 200 related DNA viruses that primarily infect epithelial tissues. The virus is transmitted predominantly through skin-to-skin contact, with sexual intercourse being the most common route of spread. Certain oncogenic genotypes, notably HPV‑16 and HPV‑18, are responsible for the majority of cervical cancers…
Introduction Herpes simplex virus (HSV) comprises two distinct but closely related serotypes: HSV‑1 and HSV‑2. Both viruses are enveloped, double‑stranded DNA viruses belonging to the Herpesviridae family. HSV infections are among the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) worldwide, with significant implications for public health, clinical practice, and pharmacologic intervention. The epidemiology of HSV has…
Introduction Definition and Overview Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are obligate bacterial pathogens responsible for the most frequently reported sexually transmitted infections (STIs) worldwide. Both organisms are capable of causing mucosal inflammation across a spectrum of anatomical sites, leading to a range of clinical presentations that can be subtle, nonspecific, or overtly symptomatic. Understanding the…