Introduction Definition and Overview Heavy metal poisoning refers to the accumulation of metal ions within biological systems to concentrations that elicit adverse physiological effects. The metals most frequently implicated include lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, and thallium. Their toxicity is mediated through a variety of biochemical pathways, often involving disruption of enzymatic functions, oxidative stress, and…
Introduction Antidotes represent a cornerstone of modern toxicological practice, providing targeted reversal of poisoning by neutralising toxins, inhibiting absorption, or facilitating elimination. The concept of an antidote arises from the fundamental pharmacodynamic principle that a chemical insult can be countered by a pharmacologic agent acting at the same or a related target. Historically, evidence of…
Introduction Definition and Overview Poisoning is defined as the ingestion, inhalation, or absorption of a substance that produces a harmful effect on a living organism. The focus of this chapter is the systematic approach to the recognition, assessment, and treatment of acute toxic exposures, with an emphasis on principles that are broadly applicable across diverse…
1. Introduction/Overview Paracetamol, also known as acetaminophen, remains one of the most frequently administered analgesic and antipyretic agents worldwide. Its unique profile of efficacy, tolerability, and safety has positioned it as a first‑line treatment in a broad spectrum of clinical scenarios, ranging from mild to moderate pain and fever. Nonetheless, the therapeutic window of paracetamol…
Introduction Anticholinergic agents constitute a pharmacologic class that antagonises the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. The resulting blockade of cholinergic signalling manifests as a constellation of signs and symptoms collectively referred to as the anticholinergic toxidrome. Understanding the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and therapeutic applications of these compounds is paramount for clinicians and pharmacists,…
Introduction The autonomic nervous system (ANS) exerts its effects through the rapid modulation of neuronal activity by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). The pharmacologic manipulation of ACh levels, particularly through inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), is central to both therapeutic strategies and the management of toxic exposures. Anticholinesterases encompass a diverse group of agents that prevent the…