Introduction Tinnitus is defined as the perception of sound in the absence of external acoustic stimulation. The phenomenon is frequently described by patients as ringing, roaring, buzzing, or hissing, and may be unilateral or bilateral, continuous or intermittent. The prevalence of tinnitus among adults is estimated at 15–20 %, with an increased incidence in individuals aged…
Introduction Cataract extraction represents a cornerstone of contemporary ophthalmic practice, providing rapid restoration of visual function for millions of patients worldwide. The procedure, typically performed in a controlled outpatient setting, involves the removal of opacified crystalline lenses and implantation of artificial intraocular lenses (IOLs). The overarching aim is to reestablish optical clarity and correct refractive…
Introduction Glaucoma represents a group of ocular disorders characterized by progressive optic neuropathy and visual field loss, primarily linked to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). The disease spectrum ranges from open-angle glaucoma (OAG), the most prevalent form, to angle-closure glaucoma (ACG), uveitic glaucoma, and secondary glaucomas associated with systemic or ocular comorbidities. Although typically confined to…
Introduction Conjunctivitis, commonly referred to as pink eye, represents a frequent inflammatory condition of the conjunctival mucosa. The clinical presentation is characterized by ocular redness, tearing, discharge, and occasionally discomfort or photophobia. Historically, descriptions of ocular inflammation date back to antiquity, with early physicians noting the characteristic erythema and discharge. Over the past century, advances…
Introduction Definition and Overview Halitosis refers to the presence of an unpleasant odor emanating from the oral cavity or pharynx, perceived by another person or, in some cases, by the individual themselves. The condition is highly prevalent, with estimates suggesting that up to 50 % of the adult population may experience some degree of halitosis during…
Introduction Definition and Overview A tooth abscess is a localized collection of pus that develops within the dental pulp, periapical tissues, or periodontal space as a result of bacterial infection. The condition is characterized by inflammation, tissue necrosis, and the formation of a cavity that may extend beyond the confines of the tooth root. Clinically,…
Introduction Gingivitis represents the earliest and most reversible stage of periodontal disease, characterized by inflammation of the gingival tissues in response to bacterial plaque accumulation. When left untreated, gingivitis can progress to periodontitis, which involves the progressive destruction of the supporting alveolar bone and periodontal ligament, ultimately threatening tooth retention. The prevalence of gingivitis in…
Introduction Definition and Overview Anaphylaxis is an acute, life‑threatening systemic hypersensitivity reaction that involves the rapid release of mediators from mast cells and basophils. Clinical manifestations typically include cutaneous signs (urticaria, angioedema), respiratory compromise (bronchospasm, laryngeal edema), cardiovascular instability (hypotension, tachycardia), and gastrointestinal disturbance (vomiting, diarrhea). Rapid recognition and intervention are essential to avert progression…
Introduction Heat‑related illnesses represent a significant proportion of emergency department presentations during periods of elevated ambient temperature. Among these, heat exhaustion and heat stroke are the two most frequently encountered conditions. Heat exhaustion is generally considered a reversible, compensable state of heat stress, whereas heat stroke denotes a profound, life‑threatening failure of thermoregulatory mechanisms. Accurate…
Introduction Definition and Overview Concussion is a form of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) characterized by transient neurological dysfunction following mechanical forces applied to the head or body. Head injury, in a broader sense, encompasses a spectrum ranging from superficial contusions to severe intracranial hemorrhage. Both conditions frequently present in emergency settings and demand rapid…